Why aren't more Americans nudists?
Comparing the historical origins of American and European nudist cultures
I am a naturist... also known as a nudist.
In America, my statement is rarely uttered in public, or even in private. Americans are largely not nudists, and those who are are almost entirely “in the closet.” We’ll talk more about American nudists (a secluded and rarely-sighted species) in a moment. First let’s look at Europe, a continent that compares on many dimensions with America in culture, taste, dress, etc.
It began in Europe
Nudism/naturism (and for our purposes, they will be seen as one and the same) has a legacy tied to health and wellness, first in Germany, then in France.
The first use of the term “naturism” was in 1778 by Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon, a Belgian who advocated nudism as a means of improving health or healthy living.
Jean Baptiste’s writing happened to coincide with the advent of the Industrial Revolution (1760-1830), widely seen as the most significant event in human history since the domestication of plants and animals. The global transition affected almost everyone and had a particular impact on farm workers. While the Industrial Revolution significantly raised the standard of living for almost everyone, it was also hard on workers, with dangerous work, often in unhealthy, squalid conditions for long hours.
Farm workers, by the thousands, used to working outside from dawn to dusk in the sunshine and fresh air, were moved inside dark, scary, stifling factory environments. The result was both impaired physical and mental health.
To compensate for this dramatic and unwelcome change in lifestyle, legions of factory workers used their one day off to return to the pastures and woodlands, sunbathing, exercising, recreating, and celebrating the sunshine and fresh air, often in the nude. This organic societal development called the “Lebensreform” or Life Reform Movement, grew from the middle of the 1800s through the Weimar Republic in the 1920s.
Adding credibility to the Lebensreform, studies published in Germany in 1902 and 1906 concluded that combining fitness, sunlight, and fresh-air bathing contributed to the mental and psychological fitness, good health, and improved moral life view of the individual.
The first journal of nudism appeared in 1902. Importantly, the movement was careful to de-eroticize the nude body, instead emphasizing the health benefits of clothes-free exercise and exposure to the sun and fresh air. The publication of these papers caused an explosive growth of nudism in Germany and then Europe.
The first large-scale nudist park opened in 1903 near Hamburg.
Growing in the twentieth century
In 1919 Dr. Kurt Huldschinsky discovered exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets. Additional research supported sunlight on the body’s contribution to helping to cure tuberculosis, rheumatism and scrofula, thus adding additional scientific evidence in support of the fresh-air/sunshine argument.
Shortly thereafter, the French physicians Gaston and Andre Durville studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and the environment on health. They termed the concept “naturisme” and reinforced the fresh air and sunshine argument. Nudity became part of “naturisme,” seen as the unencumbered connection between the body and fresh air and sunshine.
Interestingly, many Germans also saw naturism as an antidote to their significant fears about the industrialized and urban future looming in front of them. Modernity, with its benefits, brought much uncertainty and disruption, and the resolution of those fears and a more comfortable view of the future lay in the return to nature seen in “naturisme.”
Naturism became widely accepted throughout the 1920s and established itself in France, Germany, and other European countries, including Scandinavia.
In both Germany and France, nudism’s popularity escaped the repressive Victorian influence of Britain during the 1920s (known as the Wilhelmine period in Germany and the Belle Epoque period in France). This was a result of the strong correlation between nudity and health and the emphasis that nudism was not sexual.
Today, naturism is an accepted part of mainstream culture in most European countries. In Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and much of France, almost all beaches are clothing-optional. Naturist sunbathing areas exist in city parks in major cities like Munich, Berlin, and Paris. Spain has many clothing-optional beaches and is known for its nudist-friendly culture.
Cap d’Agde in France is a fully nude community of up to 200,000 during the summer months. 2.6 million French make nudism part of their lifestyle. (3.8%) From 8-12 million Germans identify as nudists. (10-12%)
In essence, while not universally embraced, nudism is a mainstream part of much of European life. And, while not everyone agrees with nudism, nudists are seen as a part of society that one may agree with or not, but there are no significant efforts to outlaw or eliminate it.
In America
Kurt Barthel, a German emigrating to the US in the late 1920s, established nudism first in New York City with his group, the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC). But then, finding no outdoor venue that would allow clothes-free athleticism, sunshine and fresh air that true naturism demands, found a location in Spring Valley in Rockland County and then to New Jersey, establishing Sky Farm in 1931.
In effect, then, the Europeans had about a 30-year head start in establishing nudism in the US. It would seem we might have caught up by now. We haven’t. The question of “Why not?” has bothered me for a long time, and is the point of this exercise.
To understand, we need to go back as far as the Puritans. Puritanism began in the mid-1500s as an attempt to remove all vestiges of the Catholic Church from England. In 1558, when Queen Elizabeth took the throne, she re-established the separation of the Anglican Church from Catholicism, but it was not separate enough for the Puritans. The Puritans were not amused by Queen Elizabeth’s moderate rulings and implemented what can only be seen as a no-nonsense strand of Christianity. According to Puritans, only a few are selected for heaven, but that is known only by God. Each person must have a covenant with God and strive toward goodness, but their ultimate fate is predestined. They were Calvinists in the extreme, believing man to be sinful in nature.
By 1630, single mothers were being whipped, and abortion had been made punishable by death. Women who failed to conform or were alleged to be adultresses were being declared witches and hunted, hanged, or burned at the stake. These practices were not in accord with the Anglican Church, which, while not supportive of sex outside marriage or adultery, did not condone the extremist practices of the Puritans. This led to a Puritan rebellion and, ultimately, a civil war in 1642.
This is not to say the Puritans disapproved of sex, at least within marriage. However, you couldn’t have too much fun with it.
The minister Samuel Danforth's warning against excessive passion, even among married people, was typical:
“Let thy lustful body be everlasting fuel for the unquenchable fire; let thy lascivious soul be eternal food for the never-dying worm. Hell from beneath is moved to meet thee.”1
A group of some of the most virulent Puritans escaped persecution by moving to Holland in 1608. They were hardly welcome there. Not only were they considered fugitives from England, but their religious practices didn’t sit well with the more tolerant Dutch.
After living for 12 years in Holland and facing increased pressure from Dutch authorities, the Puritans escaped by the skin of their teeth to America in 1620, establishing the Plymouth colony in November 1620. You can imagine the attitude toward nudity of this fun group, which subsequently conducted the Salem Witch Trials in the 1600s.
In effect, one of the first main differences between the US and Europe is the Puritans' legacy of guilt, shame, and repression, which was rejected in Europe and which we are still dealing with today.
Victorian influences
The second major influence that separates Europe from the US as it relates to nudism is the Victorian era.
“What the first sexual revolution in the U.S. attacked was not original Puritanism so much as its Victorian version—which had become a matter of prudery more than of purity, propriety more than of grace. The 19th century frantically insisted on propriety precisely because it felt moralists' real faith and ethics were disappearing. While it feared nudity like a plague, Victorian Puritanism had the effect of an all-covering gown that only inflames the imagination. By insisting on suppressing the sex instinct in everything, the age betrayed the fact that it really saw that instinct in everything. So, too, with Sigmund Freud, Victorianism's most perfect rebel.”2
Victorian ideals associated with modernization taught people to work hard, to postpone gratification, to repress themselves sexually to “improve” themselves, to be sober, conscientious, and even compulsive. These values were not newly discovered at the accession of Victoria, but they were commanding wider and more zealous support than ever before.3
Most of all, however, the Victorians pursued order in their personal lives. Here they could practice humanistic self-cultivation, Protestant self-denial, and/or bourgeois self-control, all in the name of regulated self-improvement. Order in the individual and order in society were, of course, mutually reinforced in Victorian civilization.
During this same time, Europe had the “Wilhelmine” era in Germany, and the French had the “Belle Epoque.” While there were modest trends toward conservatism, society in both France and Germany enjoyed an optimistic outlook, artistic triumphs, and social expansions. Cabarets, bistros, and music halls flourished. The Can-can dance, the Moulin Rouge, and the Follies Bergere were hallmarks of the liberalism of the time.
While the Europeans had only a 30-year head start on formal nudism compared to the Americans, they had a huge perceptual advantage by seeing non-sexual nudism from a completely different perspective. The publication of scientific papers linking nudity with exercise, sunshine, fresh air, and a return to nature provided a health-oriented “shield” that prevented nudism from being seen from solely a sexual perspective and was not condemned or vilified as occurred in the US.
On the US side, the imprinting of Puritan values and the reinforcement of Victorian prudery provided exactly the opposite effect, with nudism being axiomatically linked to sexuality and the accompanying moral turpitude suggested by the Puritan ethic and Victorian mores.
The Comstock Act institutionalized the criminality of nudity by requiring the postal service to seize sexually explicit or pornographic materials. Anything that had nudity in it was seen as explicit or sexual, even if it were pictures of nudists playing volleyball.
Nudist organizations in the US hid behind euphemistic names, such as the American Sunbathing Association, the Ohio Sun Club, and the American League of Physical Culture. Nudist resorts had names like Sunshine Gardens, Sunsport Gardens, or Sky Farm, and had to be located far from prying eyes, often in isolated parts of the countryside. Proprietors kept a low profile in case they would be spotted and the site raided by police. Nudist resorts couldn’t advertise for fear of attracting attention. Memberships were small as most people had never heard about the clubs or resorts or social nudism. There were few word-of-mouth referrals as no one wanted to admit to being a nudist. Members didn’t use last names, even with other members of the club or resort.
Due to the small scale, limited funds, and need for secrecy, resorts were hidden away, rustic, and even primitive. Most were little more than campgrounds with possibly a pool and a volleyball court.
Nudism today
Today, nudist organizations are more visible, with names such as the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), Southern California Naturist Association (SCNA), etc. Resorts are also more public and not hidden away (although, as late as 1955, the police still raided private nudist resorts and charged members with indecent exposure).
However, the pervasive cultural imprinting of the Puritans and the Victorian era continues to this day. American nudists are still largely “in the closet.”
The Naturist Education Foundation (NEF), of which I am a board member, conducts a national poll every five years or so to determine the attitude of average Americans about nudity. While 40% of Americans have gone “skinnydipping” or visited a nude beach, and 75% of Americans believe space should be set aside for nude sunbathing, few Americans self-identify as nudists.
I own and operate a nudist Bed and Breakfast in Michigan. Since I opened a little over five years ago, I have asked guests if they are “out” about being nudists to their friends, family, co-workers, etc. Remarkably, 95% of my guests are not out to anyone, including their children, about being nudists.
As the board chair of the Naturist Action Committee (NAC), I have made a presentation on an annual basis to the Gay Naturist International (GNI) annual gathering in Pennsylvania. I also do workshops there, and when I ask members of the gay community if they are out as nudists, almost none admit they are. I would say, “You are out as gay, but not as a nudist?” They answered that they were more likely to be accepted as gay than as a nudist.
The media, of course, is not helpful here and continues to represent nudity only in the context of sex or sexual or promiscuous situations. TV shows like “Naked and Afraid” treat nudity as a ridiculous impediment to finding a path to survival, or as a clown show. The media so colors and reinforces the Puritan/Victorian view that nudity is bad or evil, people in America have a hard time thinking otherwise.
I had a potential guest call me about a week ago at the B&B. He asked, “This is a nudist place, isn’t it?”
“Yes,” I answered.
“What do you do there?” he asked.
“Well,” I said, “you do what you would do in any resort environment: you swim, play pickleball or bocce, go for a hike in the woods, watch the stars at night, use the hot tub, you do anything you would do at another resort, its just clothes free.”
He thought about it for a minute, wrapping his mind around the concept of nude living without it being sexual, and then said, “That sounds very interesting; I’ll talk to my wife about it and call you back.”
“Great,” I replied.
Conclusions
In effect, we have two groups of people, Americans and Europeans, who, while they have much in common culturally, diverge very significantly when it comes to the issue of social nudism. The Europeans have come to see nudism as more natural, more healthy, and more organic in terms of a place in their society. As I noted, there are millions of nudists in Europe.
The Americans, heavily influenced by the Puritans and reinforced in those attitudes during the Victorian era, see nudity as shameful and inextricably linked to sex. Both are basically bad from a Puritan/Victorian point of view. In America, there are perhaps 60,000 card-carrying nudists. Although many more may participate in nudist activities, they don’t admit it.
When I speak publicly or give presentations, sometimes people say to me, “I don’t know any nudists.” My response is, “You don’t know whether you know any or not. They are almost all ‘in the closet.’”
Social nudism/naturism is a transformational and healthy way to live. It involves accepting one’s own and others’ bodies, embracing nature without the influence of clothing, and celebrating one’s connection with the environment in a remarkable and unique way. But for most Americans, a favorite phrase comes to mind: “We are all prisoners of our culture.”
And Americans cannot see past those Puritan/Victorian prison bars to see the light of naturism shining in the distance. 🪐
Editor’s note: This article is adapted from a speech given by the author at the 66th Annual World Social Science Association Conference on April 6th, 2024.
Veduin, K. (1983). “Our Cursed Natures”: Sexuality and the Puritan Conscience. New England Quarterly, 56(2).
Time Magazine. (1964, January 24).
Howe, D. W. (1975). American Victorianism as a Culture. American Quarterly, 27(5).
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Your point is not wrong....but Puritans did not agree with Queen Elizabeth's moderate policies and a Civil War did come about and Puritans were outlawed because of their resistance...however big or small a role they played in the Civil War. I didn't have time to get into the nuance of all that as that is not the point of the article. The fact that Puritans were such religious extremists they were outlawed and "harried" out of England is the point. Members of that outlawed group are the people that came on the Mayflower and their influence is still felt today in our culture.
Thanks for your note, Shirley, Yes....native peoples around the world lived very comfortably nude until they were shamed into wearing clothes. My purpose was to demonstrate why Americans have more body shame and guilt than almost anyone. Only, if Americans realize they have been misinformed and led down a path for centuries can they begin to make an informed decision about whether naturism is right for them. Until then.....it is case closed.